The 21 grams experiment refers to a study performed during 1901 and published first during 1907 by Duncan MacDougall, a physician from Haverhill, Massachusetts. MacDougall hypothesized that souls exist and have weight, and attempted to measure the mass lost by a human when the soul departed the body. MacDougall attempted to measure the mass change of six patients at the moment of death. One of the six subjects lost three-fourths of an ounce (21.3 grams).
MacDougall stated his experiment would have to be repeated many times before any conclusion could be obtained. The experiment is widely regarded as flawed and unscientific due to the small sample size, the methods used, and the fact only one of the six subjects satisfied the hypothesis. The case has been cited as an example of selective reporting. Despite its rejection by scientists, MacDougall's experiment popularized the concept that the soul has weight, and specifically that it weighs 21 grams.
Video 21 grams experiment
Experiment
During 1901, Duncan MacDougall, a physician from Haverhill, Massachusetts, who wished to determine scientifically if a soul had weight, identified six patients in nursing homes whose death was imminent. Four were suffering from tuberculosis, one from diabetes, and one from causes unspecified. MacDougall specifically chose people who were suffering from conditions that caused physical exhaustion, as he needed the patients to remain still when they died to measure them accurately. When the patients looked like they were dying, their entire bed was placed on an industrial sized scale that was sensitive within two tenths of an ounce (5.6 grams). To test the belief that humans have souls and that animals do not, MacDougall later measured the changes of weight by fifteen dogs after death. MacDougall said he wished to use dogs that were sick or dying for his experiment, though was unable to find any. It is therefore presumed he poisoned healthy dogs.
Results
One of the patients lost weight but then regained the weight, and two of the other patients registered a loss of weight at death but a few minutes later lost even more weight. One of the patients lost "three-fourths of an ounce" (21.3 grams) of weight, coinciding with the time of death. MacDougall disregarded the results of another patient on the grounds the scales were "not finely adjusted", and discounted the results of another as the patient died while the equipment was still being calibrated. MacDougall reported that none of the dogs lost any weight after death.
While MacDougall believed that the results from his experiment showed that a human soul might have weight, his report, which was not published until 1907, stated the experiment would have to be repeated many times before any conclusion could be obtained.
Maps 21 grams experiment
Reaction
Before MacDougall was able to publish the results of his experiments, The New York Times published the story in an article titled "Soul has Weight, Physician Thinks". MacDougall's results were published during April of the same year in the Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, and the medical journal American Medicine.
Criticism
After the publication of the experiment in American Medicine, physician Augustus P. Clarke criticized the experiment's validity. Clarke noted that at the time of death there is a sudden increase of body temperature as the lungs are no longer cooling blood, causing a subsequent increase of sweating which could easily account for MacDougall's missing 21 grams. Clarke also stated that, as dogs do not have sweat glands, they would not lose weight in this manner after death. Clarke's criticism was published in the May issue of American Medicine. Arguments between MacDougall and Clarke debating the validity of the experiment continued to be published in the journal until at least December that year.
MacDougall's experiment has been the subject of considerable skepticism, and he has been accused of both flawed methods and outright fraud in obtaining his results. Noting that only one of the six patients measured satisfied the hypothesis, Karl Kruszelnicki has stated the experiment is a case of selective reporting, as MacDougall ignored the majority of the results. Kruszelnicki also criticized the small sample size, and questioned how MacDougall was able to determine the exact moment when a person had died considering the technology available during 1907. During 2008 physicist Robert L. Park wrote that MacDougall's experiments "are not regarded today as having any scientific merit", and psychologist Bruce Hood wrote that "because the weight loss was not reliable or replicable, his findings were unscientific". Professor Richard Wiseman said that within the scientific community, the experiment is confined to a "large pile of scientific curiosities labelled 'almost certainly not true'".
An article by Snopes during 2013 said the experiment was flawed because the methods used were suspect, the sample size was much too small, and the capability to measure weight changes too imprecise, concluding: "credence should not be given to the idea his experiments proved something, let alone that they measured the weight of the soul as 21 grams." The fact that MacDougall likely poisoned and killed fifteen healthy dogs as part of his research has also been a source of criticism.
Legacy
During 1911 The New York Times reported that MacDougall was hoping to perform experiments to photograph souls, but he seems not to have actually done research of that type. He died during 1920. His experiment has not been repeated.
Despite its rejection within the scientific community, MacDougall's experiment popularized the idea that souls exists and have weight, and specifically that they weigh about 21 grams. Most notably, '21 Grams' was taken as the title of a film in 2003, which references the experiment.
The concept of a soul weighing 21 grams is mentioned in numerous media, including a 2013 issue of the manga Gantz, a 2013 podcast of Welcome to Night Vale, the 2015 movie The Empire of Corpses, and the 2015 song "21 Grams" by Niykee Heaton, which features the line "I just want your soul in my hands, feel your weight of 21 grams." MacDougall and his experiments are explicitly mentioned in the 1978 documentary movie Beyond and Back, and episode five of the first season of Dark Matters: Twisted But True. A fictional American scientist named "Mr. MacDougall" appears in Gail Carriger's 2009 novel Soulless, as an expert in the weight and measurement of souls.
References
External links
- Full text of Dr. Duncan MacDougall's original report
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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